The European Commission published a preparatory directive on possible measures around Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in animals other than birds - especially dairy cows. This follows the unprecedented outbreaks in the US. Although the focus is on dairy, this may also have implications for the meat sector.
A HPAI virus (H5N1 B3.13 genotype) has emerged in dairy cows in the US since March 2024. The virus spreads within and between herds, especially through lactating animals. Besides dairy cows, cats, pigs and some humans have also been infected. Although the virus has not yet been found in Europe, Brussels and member states are preparing for possible introduction.
Although the current EU plans primarily concern dairy, the paper outlines measures that could be rolled out more widely soon. This is linked to the potential role of beef cattle and meat farmers in dissemination and food safety.
Efforts are being made to intensify surveillance, including in other mammals such as cattle and possibly pigs. In case of detection of HPAI in cattle, biosecurity measures such as mandatory disinfection of means of transport, restrictions on staff and visitor access and possibly mandatory registration of animal movements will be stepped up
In case of infection, transport of animals to slaughterhouses may be subject to restrictions. In extreme cases, regional slaughter or transport bans, destruction or special treatment of meat and by-products follow.
If HPAI emerges in the EU, it could lead to export restrictions on meat from affected regions, additional certification requirements for meat exports and temporary closure of borders for certain animal products.
Brussels already has the playbook ready: from intensive monitoring and biosecurity requirements to tough trade and transport restrictions. It is clear that if there is a threat, the European Commission will not take half-measures - with potentially dire consequences for operations, costs and market access. The sector risks once again becoming the brunt of a policy written mainly from a "One Health" logic, but with insufficient regard for practical and economic realities.
